{"id":64615,"date":"2025-05-26T17:34:59","date_gmt":"2025-05-26T15:34:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/canfali.com\/les-galeres-un-negoci-per-al-marques-de-denia\/"},"modified":"2025-05-27T09:19:15","modified_gmt":"2025-05-27T07:19:15","slug":"les-galeres-un-negoci-per-al-marques-de-denia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/canfali.com\/ca-es\/les-galeres-un-negoci-per-al-marques-de-denia\/","title":{"rendered":"Les galeres, un negoci per al Marqu\u00e9s de D\u00e9nia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

Les embarcacions obtenien privilegis i beneficis fiscals que les feien aptes per al contraban<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n

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D\u00e9nia va tenir la seva pr\u00f2pia esquadra per\u00f2 nom\u00e9s va estar operativa durant dos anys i mig<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n

En l’estiu de 1618 es va fer a la mar l’esquadra de galeres de D\u00e9nia. Eren quatre embarcacions armades pel Marqu\u00e8s de D\u00e9nia i Duc de Lerma, Francisco G\u00f3mez de Sandoval i Rojas, per a defensar les costes valencianes. O almenys, aix\u00f2 \u00e9s el que li va vendre al rei, Felip III. En aquells dies, l’home m\u00e9s poder\u00f3s del seu regnat havia comen\u00e7at a caure en desgr\u00e0cia. Eren molts els qui l’acusaven, entre altres coses, de corrupci\u00f3. Aquest mateix any de 1618 abra\u00e7ava el capel cardenalici i es retirava de la vida p\u00fablica. Amb cada vegada m\u00e9s enemics i una p\u00e8ssima reputaci\u00f3, l’esquadra de galeres del Duc de Lerma quedava en dubte. Sobre ella es va cenyir l’acusaci\u00f3 d’haver volgut enganyar el monarca. Tindria una vida curta. Les galeres no eren ja m\u00e9s que un element inc\u00f2mode, com explicava l’historiador Manuel Lomas en una confer\u00e8ncia a la Biblioteca de D\u00e9nia. L’esquadra desapareixeria en 1620.<\/p>\n\n

Les galeres eren vaixells de guerra moguts per remers. Van ser fonamentals en la pol\u00edtica naval de la monarquia hisp\u00e0nica per\u00f2 despr\u00e9s de la batalla de Lepanto (1571) van comen\u00e7ar a perdre vig\u00e8ncia al Mediterrani i la seva import\u00e0ncia estrat\u00e8gica va ser cada vegada menor. En les \u00faltimes d\u00e8cades del segle XVI, les grans esquadres de galeres desapareixen i cada vegada s\u00f3n m\u00e9s petites. Explicava Manuel Lomas que en certa manera van quedar antiquades i \u201ctenien poc a fer\u201d enfront dels galeons.<\/p>\n\n

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Ara b\u00e9, per qu\u00e8 va tenir tant d’inter\u00e8s el Duc de Lerma, entrat ja el segle XVII, a dotar a D\u00e9nia d’una esquadra de galeres? Estaven D\u00e9nia i el seu port preparats per a tenir una esquadra de galeres? Podia la ciutat mantenir-la?<\/p>\n\n

Per a entendre els motius que van portar a Francisco G\u00f3mez de Sandoval i Rojas a fer la proposta al rei conv\u00e9 saber unes quantes coses. Armar galeres havia estat un negoci molt pr\u00f2sper i productiu que va donar als genovesos molt diners. Juan Andrea Doria i la seva fam\u00edlia van ser grans assentistes de galeres i van fer una gran fortuna llogant-les al rei a canvi d’uns beneficis. Molts dels palaus que es veuen a G\u00e8nova van ser aixecats amb els diners obtinguts armant i assentant galeres. Per\u00f2, on estava el negoci? A armar-les i dotar-les de personal i dels aparells necessaris per a llogar-les? M\u00e9s aviat en els beneficis fiscals i privilegis que s’obtenien a canvi.<\/p>\n\n

Les galeres eren \u201cuna rep\u00fablica independent en el port\u201d, comentava l’historiador de la Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, \u201ci els soldats eren intocables\u201d. Entre altres coses gaudien de preus especials a l’hora de comprar productes, no pagaven impostos i ning\u00fa podia revisar la seva c\u00e0rrega. Carnissers i pescadors compraven a les galeres perqu\u00e8 era m\u00e9s barat. Aquesta circumst\u00e0ncia provocava indignaci\u00f3 entre els venedors oficials de subministraments, com va oc\u00f3rrer en alguna ocasi\u00f3 a D\u00e9nia segons va relatar l’arxivera municipal, Rosa Seser.<\/p>\n\n

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Tot aix\u00f2 afavoria a m\u00e9s el contraban, per la qual cosa ser armador de galeres eren un negoci molt llaminer. Perqu\u00e8 funcion\u00e9s b\u00e9 era important teixir una estructura d’agents, contactes i valedors que permet\u00e9s mantenir-la a flotaci\u00f3. I aix\u00f2 \u00e9s el que va voler fer el Duc de Lerma. No li va importar que en aquells dies el paper de les galeres en la defensa no fos el mateix i estiguessen en declivi i que els grans assentistes estiguessin desfent-se d’elles, com va fer tamb\u00e9 la monarquia hisp\u00e0nica. Si en 1589 l’esquadra de galeres d’Espanya tenia 25 embarcacions, en 1599 eren nom\u00e9s 14.<\/p>\n\n

Francisco G\u00f3mez de Sandoval i Rojas va creure que en el negoci de les galeres podria obtenir benefici i, abans fins i tot de ser la m\u00e0 dreta del rei, va casar al seu fill major amb la filla de l’Adelantado Mayor de Castella, Mart\u00edn de Padilla, que Felip II va nomenar capit\u00e0 general de galeres d’Espanya i comandant del mar oce\u00e0 per al control dels galeons que comerciaven amb les \u00cdndies. Un entramat d’enlla\u00e7os matrimonials i la col\u00b7locaci\u00f3 de subalterns en llocs de poder permetien augmentar el control i el poder del Adelantado de Castilla, emparentat despr\u00e9s de les noces de la seva filla amb el Marqu\u00e8s de D\u00e9nia.<\/p>\n\n

Explicava Manuel Lomas que el seu particular \u201ccastell de naips\u201d es va comen\u00e7ar a enfonsar amb la mort de Mart\u00edn de Padilla en 1602 i d’altres dos personatges que formaven part d’aquestes aliances amb les quals comptava per a controlar el negoci de les galeres. Per\u00f2 aix\u00f2 no el va frenar. Un any despr\u00e9s col\u00b7locava al seu gendre al comandament de les galeres d’Espanya per a salvar la situaci\u00f3, \u201cen un intent de relleu generacional amb peons vinculats a ell\u201d.<\/p>\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n

Ser\u00e0 entre els anys 1613 i 1614 quan decideixi prendre el comandament i armar galeres pel seu compte, \u201cencara que realment no va armar res perqu\u00e8 tot li ho va pagar el rei\u201d. Si el projecte de 1599 que va presentar a Felip III per a reformar el port no va prosperar, s\u00ed que ho va fer la seva proposta de dotar a D\u00e9nia d’una esquadra de quatre galeres. Per a aix\u00f2 necessitava esclaus per a remar i va aconseguir que el rei li proporcion\u00e9s els m\u00e9s experimentats que tenia. La construcci\u00f3 de les galeres trigaria diversos anys, aix\u00ed que va sol\u00b7licitar al monarca la cessi\u00f3 de quatre embarcacions de la corona, les m\u00e9s operatives: dos de N\u00e0pols i dos de Sic\u00edlia. I com no, veles, eix\u00e0rcies i tot el que va necessitar. Per\u00f2 aqu\u00ed no va quedar la cosa. Si totes les galeres portaven al costat del pend\u00f3 real el del capit\u00e0 general, el rei va acceptar que les seves galeres nom\u00e9s portaren el pend\u00f3 de les armes del Duc de Lerma, que no hagueren d’estar al comandament d’uns altres i que el c\u00e0rrec de capit\u00e0 de les galeres fos hereditari. Un negoci rod\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n

O gaireb\u00e9, perqu\u00e8 la caiguda en desgr\u00e0cia de G\u00f3mez de Sandoval i Rojas va tenir com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia que l’experi\u00e8ncia de les galeres de D\u00e9nia fos curta. L’estiu de 1618 es van dedicar al cors i en 1619 van sortir a navegar i van capturar a la galera capitana d’Alger. Encara que es va dir que no portava una gran c\u00e0rrega a bord, se’ls va acusar de quedar-se amb un bot\u00ed de 300.000 ducats que no van ser lliurats al rei. L’ombra del dubte va planejar sobre elles i aviat els arribaria el final. L’aventura va finalitzar en 1620.<\/p>\n\n

<\/figure>\n\n

Sobre la pres\u00e8ncia d\u2018una esquadra de galeres a D\u00e9nia, el doctor Manuel Lomas va plantejar que possiblement se li estava fent un mal servei a una ciutat amb uns 1.500 habitants. Una galera gran portava entre 400 i 500 persones a bord i una de grand\u00e0ria mitjana podia portar-ne unes 300. Calia alimentar-les i gaudien de privilegis que podien suposar, entre altres coses, compet\u00e8ncia deslleial per a la poblaci\u00f3. Passaven bona part de l’hivern en el port i el pillatge i els robatoris eren freq\u00fcents. A m\u00e9s, necessitaven subministraments de tota mena, molta ind\u00fastria, i la ciutat no la tenia. A la llarga, va precisar, tal vegada hauria estat positiu i hauria atret inversi\u00f3. Per\u00f2 en general, les esquadres tenien la base en ports grans de ciutats amb molt de comer\u00e7.<\/p>\n\n

La confer\u00e8ncia de Manuel Lomas s\u2019emmarca en els actes commemoratius dels 400 anys de la\u00a0 mort del Duc de Lerma, organitzats des de l\u2019Arxiu Municipal. Dimecres 28 de maig, el professor \u00c1ngel Campos, de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Madrid, oferir\u00e0 la xarrada \u2018Una ciutat per al rei. El Duc de Lerma i la transformaci\u00f3 de D\u00e9nia en temps de Felip III\u2019. Ser\u00e0 a les 19.30 hores a la Biblioteca Municipal. <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"L’esquadra de galeres de D\u00e9nia, quatre embarcacions armades per don Francisco G\u00f3mez de Sandoval i Rojas, per a defendre les costes valencianes","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":64604,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_display_header_overlay":false,"csco_singular_sidebar":"","csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_post_video_location":[],"csco_post_video_location_hash":"","csco_post_video_url":"","csco_post_video_bg_start_time":0,"csco_post_video_bg_end_time":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[597],"tags":[2409,2411,2412,2410,2031],"class_list":["post-64615","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-cultura-ca-es","tag-duc-de-lerma","tag-esquadra-de-galeres","tag-felip-iii","tag-francisco-gomez-de-sandoval-y-rojas-ca-es","tag-marques-de-denia-ca-es","cs-entry","cs-video-wrap"],"yoast_head":"\nLes galeres, un negoci per al Marqu\u00e9s de D\u00e9nia - 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